How Anti-Vax Activists Use Conspiracy Theories To Spread Fear Of Vaccines

The World Health Organization recently declared that “vaccine hesitancy,” as they called it, was one of the top 10 threats to global health. That’s right: it was up there with air pollution, climate change, influenza, Ebola, and other threats.

For the WHO, “vaccine hesitancy” is a polite phrase designed to engage the public and highlight how serious the problem is, without angering those who are guilty of it. I’m not going to be quite so polite here: “vaccine hesitant” means anti-vax. The anti-vax movement, which aggressively spreads fear and misinformation about vaccines, has become a major, worldwide threat. 

It also resembles a cult, as I’ll explain.

The most recent anti-vax nonsense centers on the new coronavirus that originated in China, and that has led the Chinese government to impose a massive quarantine affecting millions of people. This is a genuine public health crisis, and it has nothing to do with vaccines. Nonetheless, some anti-vaxxers have claimed that the new virus originated from a failed effort to create a coronavirus vaccine. I won’t get into that here, but Orac has a lengthy, detailed takedown of that bogus claim.

“Vaccine hesitancy” sometimes refers to parents who are just learning about vaccines for the first time, and who rely on the Internet to search for information. Unfortunately, these new parents are likely to be flooded with anti-vax messages, especially on Facebook. (In recent years, Google has taken steps to lower the priority of anti-vax sites, which has improved things considerably. Sites such as healthychildren.org now appear near the top of searches for “vaccine safety.”) It’s entirely reasonable to ask your doctor about the benefits and risks of vaccines.

But the answers that parents hear should be clear: vaccines work. As physician ZDoggMD (a pseudonym, obviously) explains in this video:

“Anti-vaccine sentiment is a poisonous scourge…. There’s no debate about vaccines. Let’s get over that nonsense that the media and celebrities have created, okay? There is nobody in the medical community of any actual reputation who believes that there are two sides to this.”

The problem is that anti-vaxxers are continuously creating new websites, Facebook groups, and even movies to spread misinformation about vaccines, particularly the long-debunked claim that vaccines cause autism.

Why do I suggest that anti-vaxxers resemble a cult? Because they have several of the key features of cults, such as:

1. Members of the cult have special insights that outsiders cannot comprehend. With anti-vaxxers, this means they are completely convinced that they know that vaccines cause harm, despite mountains of evidence to the contrary.
2. The group and its leaders are the exclusive means of knowing “truth” or receiving validation, and no other process of discovery is credible. The anti-vax movement has had several prominent leaders, whose followers flock to their speeches and events. These include Andrew Wakefield, the disgraced former doctor who lost his medical license after it was revealed that he had committed fraud. His followers, though, either don’t know or ignore his fraudulent past, and regard him as a hero. He makes a living from his books, a movie, and speaking fees, all based on spreading fear about vaccines. An even more prominent anti-vax leader is Robert Kennedy, Jr., who also sells books and gives speeches proclaiming the harms of vaccines. Thanks to his famous name, and despite the fact that he has no medical or scientific training, some people believe him.
3. Unreasonable fear about the outside world, such as impending catastrophe, evil conspiracies and persecutions. Conspiracy theories are the core of many anti-vax arguments. The most common version holds that the “medical establishment” (whoever that is) are hiding the dangers of vaccines so that they can make money. This is utter nonsense. All of doctors I know in the infectious disease community are motivated by a wish to cure disease. In any case, most doctors make little or no money from the vaccines they administer.
4. No meaningful financial disclosure regarding budget or expenses. Some anti-vaxxers profit handsomely by selling bogus, ineffective supplements as alternatives to vaccines. (I’m looking at you, Joe Mercola.) Because supplements are largely unregulated, they get away with it. They’d prefer you to think they’re “just in it for the children.”

I’ve no doubt that anti-vaxxers like Wakefield, Kennedy, and others would deny that they are conspiracy theorists, because that’s how conspiracy theorists operate. If you question them (they argue), you must be part of the conspiracy. By their own reasoning, they can never be wrong.

So if you encounter someone, either on the sidelines at your kid’s soccer game, on Facebook, or elsewhere, who is spreading claims that vaccines are harmful, pause for a minute and ask: what is the source of this information? Is it coming from someone who is profiting from this fear-mongering? There’s a good chance the answer is yes.

It’s ironic that when the world is faced with a true health emergency, such as the Ebola virus or the Wuhan coronavirus, the first thing that public health experts start to work on is a new vaccine. That’s because vaccines provide our best protection against infections. We now have effective vaccines for 16 diseases that used to harm and even kill children in large numbers around the world. We’ve eliminated smallpox worldwide, and we’ve nearly eliminated polio, thanks to vaccines. Their very effectiveness is what has allowed the anti-vax message to take hold: many people are no longer frightened of dying from infectious diseases.

We’re still a long way from conquering infections, but there’s no reason for the world to slip back in time to an era when large numbers of people died from preventable infections. Vaccines work, if we’ll let them.

*** This article has been archived for your research. The original version from Forbes can be found here ***