Nearly 90 percent of the UK population (12 and up) has received the two recommended doses of the COVID-10 vaccine and around 70 percent have had three or more.
In the past two years, the UK has recorded abnormally high death rates. According to the Office for National Statistics the
number of registered deaths in England and Wales in the week ending Dec. 1, 2023, was 3.9 percent above the previous five-year average, with COVID-19-related deaths accounting for 1.6 percent. Some scientists point out that the level of protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines might be showing signs of lagging and that it may be necessary to take additional precautionary measures in the future.
The UK was one of the pacesetters in vaccine adoption and holds one of the highest early COVID-19 vaccination rates. They were among the first countries to approve the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for widespread use and began vaccinations on Dec. 8, 2020.
Statistics from the Office for National Statistics show that
as of August 2022, more than 90 percent of individuals aged 12 and above in the UK had received at least one dose of vaccine. Furthermore, nearly 90 percent of the population has completed the recommended two-dose regimen. Impressively, approximately 70 percent of citizens have gone a step further by receiving three or more doses.
However, young women showed an increased risk of death from heart disease after the first dose of a non-mRNA vaccine, with the risk 12 weeks after vaccination being 3.5 times higher than the long-term risk. Compared with the general population, people who receive non-mRNA vaccines are more likely to develop severe illness after infection and are at greater risk of adverse complications after vaccination.
In 2022, The Lancet published a
research report, in which a pooled analysis of national prospective cohort studies of 30 million people in the UK showed that after initial injection of the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose, the elderly, and patients with multimorbidity had a higher risk of hospitalization and mortality rates. In addition, people with specific underlying health conditions, especially those receiving immunosuppressive treatments and patients with chronic kidney disease, were still at high risk despite receiving booster doses.
Another
British study published in July 2023 evaluated the effectiveness of the AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccines in 426,785 patients with kidney disease. The results showed that patients who received two doses of AstraZeneca had increased risk of COVID-19 infection, COVID-19-related hospitalization, COVID-19-related death, and non-COVID-19 death compared with patients who received two doses of the Pfizer vaccine by 43, 59, 44 and 9 percents respectively. The consistent findings across various disease subgroups, including dialysis and transplant recipients, underscore the robustness and reliability of the results.
Researchers also found little evidence of any difference in outcomes between patients who had received the first two doses of AstraZeneca and Pfizer after both had received their third dose of the Pfizer vaccine.
Chronic kidney disease, also known as chronic renal failure, refers to the gradual loss of kidney functionality. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste and excess fluid from the blood, which are then excreted from the body through urination. Advanced chronic kidney disease can lead to the accumulation of dangerous levels of fluids, electrolytes, and waste products in the body. However, in the early stages, there are few such signs or symptoms.
Some researchers argue that identifying the conditions and risk factors that lead to excessive mortality will help to better focus on high-risk groups as COVID-19 spreads, thereby allowing better response to the challenges posed by it.
Vaccine Protection Unable to Catch Up With COVID-19 Variants
Canadian scientists synthesized evidence on the long-term effectiveness of various COVID-19 vaccines, including those from Pfizer (BNT162b2), Moderna (mRNA-1273), AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19), and Johnson & Johnson (Ad26.COV2.S). Through a systematic analysis of their effectiveness in preventing infection, hospitalization, and death they found that the baseline vaccine effectiveness levels against the Omicron variant were significantly lower than those observed for other variants. Therefore, the authors stated, “Other preventive measures might be necessary to manage the pandemic in the long term.”
The authors of the paper wrote, “There are insufficient studies reporting the effectiveness of vaccine boosters in reducing mortality.” The study was published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine.
Catechins Improve Immunity
COVID-19 is still spreading around the world, and people are concerned about how to effectively fight the virus and enhance immunity. A study in Taiwan found that polyphenolic catechins extracted from green tea can inhibit coronavirus replication, strengthen immune mechanisms, and improve acute lung injury.
Professor Chien Chiang-ting, leader of the research and founding dean of the School of Life Sciences at National Taiwan Normal University, said in a press release that when the concentration of catechins reaches above 195 μg/ml, it can effectively inhibit the replication of coronavirus. This is because this type of catechin can inhibit a “coronavirus replication enzyme” that promotes virus replication and infection. Similar applications can effectively prevent the continued replication and mutation of the virus. In addition, animal experiment results also show that polyphenol catechins can effectively treat lung injury and reduce immune storm response and other diseases.
Some patients with severe COVID-19 may exhibit a pronounced cytokine storm, a decrease in CD8+ cells, and acute lung injury associated with lung inflammation and increased microvascular permeability. The study found that after four weeks of ingesting catechin, the number of CD8+ T lymphocytes in mice increased.
Data on human consumption of catechins also show that it helps maintain peak levels of immune-related CD8+ T cells in the body for about four to five hours. For individuals with a body weight of 110 pounds, it is recommended to consume a total daily dose of 2.5 grams, divided into two usages of 1.25 grams each or using 0.83 grams each time for three times. With this frequency and dosage, blood plasma can achieve catechin concentrations of 239 μg/ml and 359 μg/ml, respectively. These concentrations are expected to inhibit the replication ability of the coronavirus in the human body.
Yang Chih-ching, lead author of the paper and former director of the Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology at the Heping Campus of Taipei City Hospital, said in a press release that “During the COVID-19 pandemic peak period, it is often reported abroad that there are still confirmed cases even if people have received two doses of the vaccine. We hope that taking catechins can provide enhanced immunity and resistance to fighting the COVID-19 virus.”
Other Factors for Higher-Than-Normal Deaths
British official data also shows that in addition to COVID-19 deaths, the main causes of excess deaths include symptoms, signs, and unclear conditions related to old age and frailty, cirrhosis and other liver diseases, cardiac arrhythmias, diabetes, and hypertension, among others.
People with diabetes often suffer most from multiple comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, decreased kidney function, neuropathy, and cardiac arrhythmias. Studies have shown that people with diabetes have a
twofold to tenfold increased risk of sudden cardiac death compared with people without diabetes.
Arrhythmias occur in 1 percent of people
under 55 and up to 5 percent of people over 65. This is especially the case in Western countries where sudden cardiac death caused by arrhythmia (such as ventricular fibrillation) is one of the main causes of death, accounting for 20 percent of the total natural deaths and 50 percent of the total deaths due to cardiovascular diseases.
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