The Unsubtle Art of Real Election Fraud

What does real election fraud look like? Most people think of it as involving election-day shenanigans like ballot-box stuffing, vote buying or attempts to vote twice. But fraud and manipulation can happen during any part of the electoral process, and it takes many forms, including outright bans on rival candidates or parties, harassment of the media, and using police or other violent actors to disrupt election procedures or intimidate voters.

Sometimes electoral fraud is stunningly obvious. In 2000, Alberto Fujimori won a…